Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Modal Properties of Bridges 1
1.2 Basic Concept of the Vehicle Scanning Method 3
1.2.1 Bridge Frequency Extraction 3
1.2.2 Bridge Mode Shapes Construction 4
1.3 Brief on the Works Conducted by Yang and Co‐Workers 5
1.4 Works Done by Researchers Worldwide 7
1.4.1 Theoretical Analysis and Simulation 8
1.4.2 Laboratory Test 16
1.4.3 Field Investigation 20
1.5 Concluding Remarks 22
2 Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies: Simple Theory 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Formulation of the Analytical Theory 27
2.3 Single‐ Mode Analytical Solution 28
2.4 Condition of Resonance 34
2.5 Simulation by the Finite Element Method (FEM) 39
2.6 Verification of Accuracy of Analytical Solutions 41
2.7 Extraction of Fundamental Frequency of Bridge 42
2.7.1 Effect of Moving Speed of the Vehicle 46
2.7.2 Condition of Resonance 46
2.7.3 Effect of Damping of the Bridge 48
2.7.4 Effect of a Vehicle Traveling over a Stiffer Bridge 49
2.8 Concluding Remarks 50
3 Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies: General Theory 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Physical Modeling and Formulation 53
3.3 Dynamic Response of the Beam 55
3.3.1 Beam’s Response to a Single Moving Vehicle 58
3.3.2 Beam’s Response to Five Moving Vehicles 61
3.4 Dynamic Response of the Moving Vehicle 62
3.5 Numerical Verification 66
3.6 Concluding Remarks 69
4 Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies: Experiment 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Objective of This Chapter 72
4.3 Description of the Test Bridge 73
4.4 Description of the Test Vehicle 73
4.5 Instrumentation 75
4.6 Testing Plan 75
4.7 Eigenvalue Analysis Results 77
4.8 Experimental Results 77
4.8.1 Ambient Vibration Test 77
4.8.2 Vehicle Characteristics Test 78
4.8.3 Bridge Response to the Moving Truck 79
4.8.4 Response of the Test Cart Resting on the Bridge to the Moving Truck 81
4.8.5 Response of the Moving Test Cart with No Ongoing Traffic 83
4.8.6 Response of the Moving Test Cart with Ongoing Traffic 85
4.9 Comparing the Measured Results with Numerical Results 86
4.10 Concluding Remarks 87
5 EMD‐Enhanced Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies 91
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Analytical Formulation of the Problem 93
5.3 Finite Element Simulation of the Problem 96
5.4 Empirical Mode Decomposition 97
5.5 Extraction of Bridge Frequencies by Numerical Simulation 99
5.5.1 Example 1: Single Moving Vehicle 101
5.5.2 Example 2: Five Sequential Moving Vehicles 102
5.5.3 Example 3: Five Random Moving Vehicles 105
5.6 Experimental Studies 105
5.7 Concluding Remarks 114
6 Effect of Road Roughness on Extraction of Bridge Frequencies 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Simulation of Roughness Profiles 116
6.3 Simulation of Bridges with Rough Surface 117
6.4 Effect of Road Roughness on Vehicle Response 118
6.4.1 Case 1: Vehicle Frequency Less than Any Bridge Frequencies 119
6.4.2 Case 2: Vehicle Frequency Greater than the First Bridge Frequency 119
6.5 Vehicle Responses Induced by Separate Excitational Sources 122
6.6 Closed‐Form Solution of Vehicle Response Considering Road Roughness 122
6.7 Reducing the Impact of Road Roughness by Using Two Connected Vehicles 127
6.8 Numerical Studies 131
6.8.1 Example 1. Two Identical Vehicles Moving over the Bridge of Class A Roughness 131
6.8.2 Example 2. Two Identical Vehicles Moving over the Bridge of Class C Roughness 131
6.8.3 Example 3. Two Vehicles of Identical Frequency but Different Properties 132
6.8.4 Effect of Vehicle Spacing on Identification of Bridge Frequencies 133
6.9 Concluding Remarks 135
7 Filtering Technique for Eliminating the Effect of Road Roughness 137
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Numerical Simulations for Vehicle Responses 138
7.3 Filtering Techniques 141
7.3.1 Band‐Pass Filter (BPF)/Band‐Stop Filter (BSF) 141
7.3.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) 142
7.3.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis with Band‐Pass Filter (SSA‐BPF) 144
7.4 Case Studies 145
7.4.1 Case 1: Vehicle Frequency Smaller than First Bridge Frequency 145
7.4.2 Case 2: Vehicle Frequency Greater than First Bridge Frequency 148
7.5 Concluding Remarks 151
8 Hand‐Drawn Cart Used to Measure Bridge Frequencies 153
8.1 Introduction 153
8.2 Dynamic Properties of the Hand‐Drawn Test Cart 156
8.3 Basic Dynamic Tests for the Test Cart 157
8.4 Field Tests 162
8.4.1 Effect of Cart Weight 163
8.4.2 Effect of Various Traveling Speeds 165
8.4.3 Various Volumes of Existing Traffic Flows 170
8.5 Concluding Remarks 173
9 Theory for Retrieving Bridge Mode Shapes 175
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Hilbert Transformation 176
9.3 Theoretical Formulation 177
9.4 Algorithms and Constraints 181
9.5 Case Studies 185
9.5.1 Test Vehicle Passing through a Bridge with Smooth Road Surface 186
9.5.2 Effect of Vehicle Speed 187
9.5.3 Test Vehicle Traveling along with Random Traffic 190
9.5.4 Effect of Road Surface Roughness 190
9.6 Concluding Remarks 193
10 Contact‐Point Response for Modal Identification of Bridges 195
10.1 Introduction 195
10.2 Theoretical Formulation 197
10.2.1 Dynamic Response of the Vehicle−Bridge Contact Point 198
10.2.2 Dynamic Response of the Moving Vehicle 199
10.2.3 Procedure for Calculating the Contact‐Point Response in a Field Test 201
10.2.4 Relationship Between the Contact‐Point and Vehicle Responses 201
10.3 Finite Element Simulation of VBI Problems 204
10.3.1 Brief on VBI Element 204
10.3.2 Verification of the Theoretical Solution 205
10.4 Retrieval of Bridge Frequencies 206
10.5 Retrieval of Bridge Mode Shapes 208
10.5.1 Effect of Moving Speed 209
10.5.2 Effect of Vehicle Frequency 210
10.6 Effect of Road Roughness 212
10.6.1 Bridge with Rough Surface Free of Existing Traffic 212
10.6.2 Bridge with Rough Surface under Existing Traffic 214
10.7 Concluding Remarks 215
11 Damage Detection of Bridges Using the Contact‐Point Response 217
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 Dynamic Response of the Vehicle‐Bridge System 219
11.2.1 Contact‐Point Response: Analytical Solution 220
11.2.2 Contact‐Point Response: For Use in Field Test 220
11.3 Algorithm for Damage Detection 221
11.3.1 Hilbert Transformation 221
11.3.2 Strategy for Damage Detection 221
11.4 Finite Element Simulation of the Problem 223
11.4.1 Damage Element for Beams 223
11.4.2 Brief on Vehicle−Bridge Interaction (VBI) Element Used 224
11.5 Detection of Damages on a Beam 225
11.5.1 Detection of Damage Location on the Beam 225
11.5.2 Detection of Damage Severity 226
11.5.3 Detection of Multiple Damages 228
11.6 Parametric Study 228
11.6.1 Effect of Test Vehicle Speed 229
11.6.2 Effect of Measurement Noise 229
11.6.3 Bridge with Rough Surface Free of Random Traffic 230
11.6.4 Bridge with Rough Surface under Random Traffic 232
11.7 Concluding Remarks 234
Appendix: Finite Element Simulation 237
References 247
Author Index 259
Subject Index 265
